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A new research study released by UCLA has revealed that lower income marriages are more harshly affected by the common divorce causes of economics.Previous studies have shown typically that lower income marriages suffer higher rates of divorce. This study, carried out by Dr. Karney and Dr. Trail of the university, found that lower income couples hold more traditional view on marriage than higher income counterparts.

The study examined over 4,000 Floridians and a cross examination of 1,500+ individuals of other states with the average age of respondents in the mid-40’s. The study viewed how these lower income respondents compared to higher income individuals in regard to their standards, values, and their marriage experience. The lower income marriages suffered more as a result of substance use and money problems but their attitudes indicated a higher degree of disapproval for divorce.

Commenting on the social pressures, Dr. Trail noted that people with lower incomes “have similar standards for choosing a marriage partner and experience similar problems with managing their relationships”. The study’s conclusion indicated that public policy intended to educate low income couples on pitfalls of divorce would be better served to address the root problems facing the individuals that actually lead to the divorce in the first place.

Lessons to Learn
As a result of the study findings, there is no disparity in the romantic levels amongst different economic demographics but rather how the individuals are impacted by life’s curve balls.

With money being the leading cause of divorce, there are many things couples of any economic range can do to lessen their chances of facing divorce.

First, understand that any couple has an income disparity between the partners. Too much of an income disparity can lead to guilt, resentment, imbalance of power, and money disputes.

Secondly, ensure that both parties understand both person’s views of money, savings, and spending. Communication is a couple’s best defense to future misunderstandings.

Thirdly, a budget between couples will keep both individuals informed of expectations.

Fourthly, create a balance of contributions. This prevents the bigger earner from feelings of resentment from the lower earner. This also clarifies expectations, which is one of the most important point parts of healthy communication between couples.

Lastly, plan ahead. Any income range can benefit from a prenuptial agreement which protects the assets going in and removes any incentive to divorce. The agreement will establish what property belongs to whom, and what property will be treated as marital property to be split in the event of a divorce.

One other concern low income couples and couples with an income disparity must consider is the possibility of child support. Income disparity and total income will both be taken into account in child support proceedings. Child support becomes especially important for a non-working parent who suddenly has full custody.
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Oklahoma tycoon Harold Hamm, one of the top 100 richest men in the world, is making as big of an impact on the world of divorce as he has on the world of oil. The founder and CEO of Continental Resources is splitting from his wife of 25 years, Sue Ann Hamm and the first estimates place the costs to Harold at the $5-billion mark.The couple has been estranged since Sue Ann claims she uncovered an affair Harold had in 2010. Divorce papers were filed in May 2012. There has been no clear evidence found of a prenuptial agreement between the couple. Provided no agreement is produced, Sue Ann would be entitled to “marital property” including 50% of Harold’s 68% of controlling shares for Continental Resources.

The title for world’s most expensive divorce is currently held by News Corp. founder Rupert Murdoch at the cost of 1.7 billion.

Aside from a missing prenuptial, the biggest contributing factor will be Sue Ann’s contributions to Harold’s success. She has acted as a lawyer, economist, and executive for Continental Resources and is even responsible for creating its oil and gas marketing groups. Such contribution is known as joint business ventures – and is a major point courts look to when dividing property. In absence of such direct corporate assistance, many could argue that they contributed to the household. Plus since much of the growth of Continental shares have occurred after the couple tied the knot, courts will view this as “shared growth”.

Tax Implications

According to a recent overview of the Hamm’s tax situation, Forbes described the couple’s tax situation. Internal Revenue Code section 1041 governs transfers between spouses and in the case of divorce. It supersedes previous case law, which taxed property acquired through divorce as taxable income. Because Harold has held his shares since he founded the company in the late 60s, his share of taxes each year is minimal. However, if now Sue Ann, after receiving 5 billion dollars worth of stock in her ex-husband’s company, wants to sell the stocks for cash she will face massive tax burden
Lessons to Learn in your Florida Divorce:

Get a pre-nup. Harold is a smart business man and can calculate a risk. But this is also Harold’s second marriage. Learn from him that even though you may think everything is going great in your relationship, you must remain prepared.

Consider your contribution. Contribute to the financial well-being of your household. Whether directly through business or at home, both will matter in court.
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This blog has previously discussed changes to Florida’s alimony laws (Senate Bill 718). Governor Scott vetoed this bill which included, as well, updates to Florida’s child custody laws.Specifically, child custody schedules were updated. Previously, there was never a codified mandate or guide that the custody break-down be 50/50 with both parents; rather judges just deemed what is right by a scattered amount of standards. Senate Bill 718 codifies a presumption that there be a 50/50 time sharing agreement between parents as, according to the legislature, it “is in the best interest of the child”. The bill does provide for basic and necessary exceptions or considerations to this presumption however.

Some of these considerations include: physical, mental and emotional safety of the child; distance makes the sharing too burdensome; a court order has prevented contact with one parent; a parent is incarcerated; domestic violence has occurred; clear evidence that extenuating circumstances require a modification of the schedule; or a parent does not wish to retain his/her level of custody.

Govenor Scott has admitted he does approve of “several forward looking elements of this bill” but he recognizes the importance alimony plays to many households. Currently, only four states have ended permanent alimony. Gov. Scott further criticized the Florida bill for its retroactive application which damaged ideas of fairness and “could result in unfair, unanticipated results.”

No Custody for Rapists

This April, the Florida legislature approved another more specific child custody bill which has been long overdue. The bill, SB 964, would prohibit a convicted rapist from acquiring child custody rights over the child conceived from the attack. The Florida House unanimously passed SB 964 with a vote of 115-0. The bill will be going to Governor Rick Scott and will take effect upon his expected signature.

A staff report in support of the bill reported that only 19 states terminate parental rights of convicted rapist for any child conceived through their crime. Now, with Florida having passed the bill, a startling 30 states (as well as the District of Columbia) remain which have no law on the books that bars a rapist from seeking visitation or custody rights. These states are as follows: Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

Previously, rapists could seek custody of the child born from their attack. In some cases, this can even be used as a backdoor bargaining chip to discourage the victim from reporting the incident, testifying, or participating in sentencing hearings.
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This January, an Ohio father who was behind on his child support payments in an amount over $96,000 was ordered to stop having children. This type of judicial mandate, although rare, has been issued twice by Wisconsin in the past year.A father of four was first indicted in August 2011 when he was in arrears of close to $80,000. In 2013, with his unpaid child support closing in on $100,000, Judge James Walther extended his probation by an additional five years and issued this unique mandate.

Judge Walther described the need for such an extreme controversial condition: “It’s your personal responsibility to pay for these kids.” The terms became part of his probation and are not intended to be permanent, but violation of such order could lead to jail time.

An appeal is already expected as his lawyer has been arguing that the judge overstepped his boundaries, and such an order is a violation of his constitutional right of privacy. A court date for the man to reappear is schedule for July, 2013.

Individuals with children going through a divorce must be prepared for their eventual child support order. The best advice is to hire a competent family law attorney at the onset, since the initial child support order acts as a theoretical anchor for future modifications.

In Florida, neither parent may waive child support by the noncustodial parent as child support is meant for the child and should not be bargained away by parents.

Some possible punishments for failure to satisfy child support payments:

Loss of driver’s license. Oftentimes, the revocation occurs without immediate notification to the nonpaying supporter.

Interception of tax refund. Florida can and has “intercepted” tax refunds to defaulting parents.

Liens and wages. Like taxes, Florida may attach liens or garnish wages in order to satisfy outstanding debt. These methods place the debt of the child support away from the child’s needs and onto the nonpaying parent. Not only does this method affect the nonpaying parent’s cash flow but can also harm their relationship with their employer.

Bank savings. In some rarer instances, the State of Florida has been able to reach certain bank funds, and freeze others.

Harm to credit score. Different orders, defaults, or delinquency notices all appear on credit reports and harm the offender’s credit score.
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Spousal Refusal
In the context of healthcare and elder law, “spousal refusal” occurs when a healthy spouse (in this case referred to as the “community spouse”) refuses to pay for the healthcare expenses incurred by their unwell spouse. Generally, married spouses are obliged to financially contribute to the healthcare costs of their spouses, including nursing home costs.A spouse facing spousal refusal may fill out a form with Medicaid stating their spouse is refusing to contribute. Medicaid will then seek contribution or reimbursement from the “community spouse.”

In response to the often tight finances of the elderly, the federal government passed the Spousal Refusal law, which protects the community spouse from extraordinarily burdensome expenses, which may severely endanger the community spouse’s finances. In such cases, this law allows the ill spouse Medicaid access, and permits Medicaid to later seek reimbursement from the community spouse’s estate after his or her death. This methodology has generally been quite effective for couples facing significant healthcare costs in that it protects the couple’s assets, provides for the ill spouse, and gives reimbursement to Medicaid.

Dangerous Legislation
Currently pending in Florida’s House and Senate are two bills (HB 1323 and SB 1748) which would force the ill spouse to “cooperate” with Medicaid in seeking reimbursement from the refusing spouse. If the ill spouse is incapable of cooperating due to the nature of their illness, the ill spouse’s agent would be required to cooperate against the community spouse. Cooperation, although not yet defined, may include filing documents or testifying alongside Medicaid against the community spouse.

Certain amendments are being proposed by elder advocate associations such as the AARP and the Florida Department of Children and Families, which are attempting to move the focus off of mandated cooperation by striking sections and shifting the focus to targeting higher income individuals who are abusing the concept of Spousal Refusal. The purpose of the legislation should not be to make certain elders indigent, but rather to ensure that ineligible individuals cannot hide assets.

Without such amendments, the proposed legislation could have serious implications for elderly married couples. People who have been married for decades could begin considering divorce to separate property so that the ill spouse can continue to receive their much needed Medicaid, and the community spouse can pay family bills. Further, oftentimes when an elderly individual becomes too ill to oversee their affairs they appoint a child. If agents of ill individuals are legally forced to cooperate in seeking contribution from the community spouse, you will see houses divided and individuals compelled to speak against their parent or grandparent’s financial interest.
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On April 10, 2013, a couple accused of kidnapping their own children were arrested in Tampa after having been returned to the U.S. by Cuban authorities.The couple had officially lost custody of their two young boys on April 2. Last year, police found the couple at a hotel in Slidell, Louisiana, acting abnormally, claiming to be “contemplating their ultimate journey” and discussing the Armageddon. Upon further investigation, the couple was found to be in possession of weapons and narcotics. At that point the children, ages 2 and 4, were removed from the couple’s care and placed in foster care under CPS (Child Protective Services). The father spent the next week in jail and then, upon his release, visited the foster home his children were taken to and demanded them back at gunpoint.

The family’s flight to Cuba began after the Lousiana Family Court gave permanent custody of the boys to the father’s parents. The day after the ruling, the father went to his parents’ home in Tampa and kidnapped the children after tying up his own mother. The parents had their escape planned, and in the days leading up to the kidnapping, they purchased a 25-foot sailboat, the seller of which later tipped off authorities regarding the parents’ plan. The father, his wife, and the two boys then proceeded to sail to Cuba. The couple arrived at the Marina Hemingway, a facility slightly west of Havana.

Upon the parents’ arrival, Cuban authorities informed the U.S. State Department of the family’s presence on the island. After such information was passed on, “constant communication” was maintained between U.S. officials and the Cuban Foreign Ministry. This level of contact, concern, and communication was an important step for U.S.-Cuba relations as there does not exist any sort of extradition agreement between the countries.

Law enforcement officers retrieved the family and brought them back to the U.S., where the father is currently facing a slew of criminal charges, including two counts of kidnapping, child neglect, false imprisonment, interference with child custody, and others. The grandparents have expressed deep appreciation for how the operation was handled, and have welcomed the young boys back.

The Law Office of Sandy T. Fox can guide you through a safe and effective resolution of your child custody issues. Studies estimate there are nearly 1,000 within-family kidnappings per day in the U.S. In these cases, there is roughly a 50 percent chance that the kidnapping will be committed by the mother or father.

Parental kidnapping is a traumatic event for the children and the custodial guardians, often resulting in long term emotional harm for all parties involved, and in some instances physical harm. State legislation (Florida Statute 61.45 & the Florida Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act) and federal legislation (the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act of 1980 & the International Child Abduction Remedies Act) have extended the degree of preventive measures and applicable punishment for those engaging in parental kidnapping. It is important to operate through the family court for any custodial issues you wish to dispute, whether you feel you deserve a higher degree of custody, or you don’t believe the person with custody should have such responsibility.
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Florida Family Court Judge and former prosecutor Susan Aramony, of the 17th Judicial Circuit Court (Broward Circuit), passed away in her Fort Lauderdale home on Monday April 8, 2013.

Ms. Aramony graduated from Emory University School of Law in 1981 and went on to lead a successful career as a prosecutor. After graduation, Ms. Aramony served as a Broward County Assistant State Attorney for the Juvenile Division of Broward County. Prior to her appointment to the bench, Ms. Aramony had ascended to head of the Juvenile Division. During this time, Ms. Aramony operated as a member of the Gang Activity Prevention Advisory Board and as the chairwoman of the Juvenile Justice Board of Broward County.

After having served over 12 years in the Juvenile Division, Governor Jeb Bush appointed her as the Unified Family Court Judge of the 17th Circuit, Broward Circuit in December 1999, taking office the following January. Then-governor Jeb Bush explained his motivation in selecting Ms. Aramony, stating that “Susan’s hands-on experience as an assistant state attorney within Florida’s legal system has given her the knowledge and skills needed to do a tremendous job”. According to Bush, her experience in the juvenile system gave her the perspective to see the harmful effects crime has on the family unit and how to best be fair to the parties. In 2008, Ms. Aramony was re-elected as County Family Court Judge for an additional six year term.

Ms. Aramony’s reputation was renowned throughout the Florida family court system, and her thirteen year legacy on the bench has garnered admiration for her character and dedication. Chief Administrative Judge Peter Weinstein described Ms. Aramony as “one of the most caring, kind and concerned human beings I’ve ever known”. These views were shared by Broward County’s top defense attorneys and prosecutor, with State Attorney Mike Satz describing her as “a very good person who touched the lives of many, many people” and Public Defender Howard Finkelstein recounting that Ms. Aramony was “always fair, as a judge and as a prosecutor”.

Aramony’s family has expressed their wishes that cause of death not be disclosed but mentioned that she was home at rest with her husband and sons when she passed away. However, according to the Daily Business Review Broward affiliate, Ms. Aramony had suffered a long battle with cancer.
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In November 2012, a fifty-year-old father of three was found and arrested in the Philippines and extradited to the US after having been featured on the Department of Health and Human Services list of “Most Wanted Deadbeats”.In 1995, a county judge in Long Island, NY ordered the man to pay $750 per week (which was eventually increased to $995), to his ex-spouse for the support of their two children. The couple had been married for 10 years, and the man’s annual income from his own business was over $500,000.

In 1997, the man moved to Florida and married his second wife, with whom he had his third child. Shortly after, the couple divorced and the man was ordered to pay an additional $625 to his second wife for child support. This is when the man fled the country.

After having paid a total of $87,000 worth of child support payments, he stopped. Warrants for his arrest were issued in 2000 and 2002. To evade payments and prosecution, he fled the country. He was located in Thailand before being arrested in the Philippines.

After being brought back to the US, the amount of child support in arrears, plus penalties and fees owed by the man, totaled over $1.2 million. Attorney Loretta Lynch described his character when she said in a statement: “Neither court orders nor the familial bond meant anything to him as he fled to avoid his obligations.” He could see a four year sentence for such support evasion, however, according to his first wife, he should be a free man to be able to work off his debt, which he is fully responsible to pay.

Florida Child Support Info
It is most advisable to contact an experienced family law attorney to assist you in calculating and submitting your financial information that will be the basis of your child support payments. Child support payments can be determined during your divorce action or possibly on a later date. Child support can also be modified due to changes in either spouses’ living situation. Courts will generally base child support on annual income, however they can take into consideration many other factors: including health costs, custody, cost of living, etc. Payments may be made weekly, biweekly, or bimonthly.

Either spouse can make a motion to court to adjust their child support for good cause. Enforcement of payments is performed by the Florida Department of Revenue. Failure to pay can lead to liens, suspension of vehicle or business licenses, harm to one’s credit score, or even prosecution.
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Divorces that occur in Florida are not always marriages that occured in Florida. Many married couples in the state of Florida tied the knot either in another state or maybe even a foreign country. When a couple divorces many US states consider the law of the jurisdiction where the nuptials were made.But in some cases there are exceptions.

The Florida Senate Judiciary Committee is reviewing a bill that would ban courts and other tribunals from considering the religious or foreign law of the originating jurisdiction of the marriage during a divorce proceeding. In place, Florida would be applied for such matters of divorce, alimony, division of property, child custody and support.

The current bill, introduced by Republican state Senator Alan Hays and Representative Larry Metz, is viewed by some as a direct affront to civil rights and individuals’ freedom of religion. Opponents see the bill as specifically rallying anti-Islamic attitudes to ban Sharia law. Sharia law is the Islamic moral code and is the law in numerous Islamic countries covering most criminal and civil actions including marriage and divorce. Sharia law applies in full as the de facto law of states including Saudi Arabia and Iran and influences the law of other major Muslim countries. The United Kingdom even allows for Sharia tribunals to mediate family law issues for consenting individuals and maybe soon will allow Sharia divorce in court.

Some basics of Sharia divorce:
Under Sharia law, a divorce is initiated once one partner says they want a divorce three times in a row. Different regions dictate whether this is a symbolic initiation or an immediate confirmation. Then the couple goes into a period known as talaq in which the couple is separated for three months. The man may insist on his wife’s return or if not the divorce is confirmed. One problematic factor of Sharia law is that a man may not be forced to pay alimony after the talaq period when the divorce has been finalized.

Similar bills in Florida have been proposed in the past, by the same two legislators of the current bill. In no instance has either proponent of the bill been able to cite a family law case where Sharia Law has been relied upon.

Last year, the 10th Federal Circuit Court of Appeals court invalidated an Oklahoma law that would have prohibited courts from considering Shariah law specifically. This specificity within the bill was likely its downfall, as it targeted a single group on the basis of a protected characteristic (religion). Proponent of the Oklahoma bill used as support a New Jersey case in which a judge refused to grant a restraining order for the wife because he was relying on the expectations of spouses as set out in Sharia law.
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There are instruction manuals for every device or household appliance you acquire, however, you get nothing after you tie the bonds of holy matrimony. The Florida Family Policy Council reports that Florida Senator Kelli Stargel, R-Lakeland and Representative Dennis Baxley, R-Ocala, are expected to introduce a bill to have a marriage handbook created and distributed to newlyweds.Currently, in order to obtain a marriage license, couples are required to read a “handbook” which details the cold harsh realities of marriage but not actual constructive advice. The current handbook has instructions on how property would be divided in a divorce, what to do in the case of domestic violence, or what you can and can’t legally do to your spouse and children. This proposed handbook would try to help couples from having marriage’s darker side.

The guidebook’s purpose is to possibly curb divorce rates and other incidents of marital discord. The guidebook would cover topics of sharing finances, conflict management, parenting skills, and other important matters individuals entering a lifelong bond would need to know to ease their inevitable obstacles. The guidebook would contain contact information for agencies and other supporting bodies for individuals needing further marital assistance. Similar guidebooks are distributed in Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah.

The guidebook would be given out at the offices of the clerk of the court to all couples looking to be wed. Sen. Kelli explains the need for such a guidebook saying “so many young couples getting married today come from broken homes and cannot draw upon a living example of how a marriage works”.

The new literature is welcomed. Florida, the sunshine state, currently ranks 8th in divorce rates. According to Rep. Baxley Florida taxpayers carry a $2 billion dollar annual burden for costs related to divorce and supporting single parent families.

Some question the usefulness of such a manual citing the idea that the couples to take an interest in reading the book will likely find solutions and those likely to ignore it will be the ones needing it the most. However, any opponents have little grounds to reject the proposal as the publishing of the book would be completely funded by money raised from private foundations and, accordingly, is not expected to cost the taxpayer anything.

The bill will appoint a Marriage Education Committee to create the book with the goal of helping and preparing individuals citing extensive research that supports that marriage education has allowed unprepared couples to end the engagement early rather than engage in an eventual divorce.
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